跳转至

USB

简介

USB详述: https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/hut1_12v2.pdf

  • 鼠标协议

鼠标移动时表现为连续性,与键盘击键的离散性不一样,不过实际上鼠标动作所产生的数据包也是离散的,毕竟计算机表现的连续性信息都是由大量离散信息构成的

mouse

每一个数据包的数据区有四个字节,第一个字节代表按键,当取0x00时,代表没有按键、为0x01时,代表按左键,为0x02时,代表当前按键为右键。第二个字节可以看成是一个signed byte类型,其最高位为符号位,当这个值为正时,代表鼠标水平右移多少像素,为负时,代表水平左移多少像素。第三个字节与第二字节类似,代表垂直上下移动的偏移。

得到这些点的信息后,即可恢复出鼠标移动轨迹

键盘数据包的数据长度为8个字节,击键信息集中在第3个字节

keyboard

根据data值与具体键位的对应关系

keyboard_pro

可从数据包恢复出键盘的案件信息

参考

例题

Xman三期夏令营排位赛练习题:AutoKey

WP:https://www.cnblogs.com/ECJTUACM-873284962/p/9473808.html

问题描述:

task_AutoKey

这道题是我参加 Xman 三期夏令营选拔赛出的一道题,我们如何对其进行分析?

流量包是如何捕获的?

首先我们从上面的数据包分析可以知道,这是个 USB 的流量包,我们可以先尝试分析一下 USB 的数据包是如何捕获的。

在开始前,我们先介绍一些 USB 的基础知识。 USB 有不同的规格,以下是使用 USB 的三种方式:

l USB UART
l USB HID
l USB Memory

UART 或者 Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter 。这种方式下,设备只是简单的将 USB 用于接受和发射数据,除此之外就再没有其他通讯功能了。

HID 是人性化的接口。这一类通讯适用于交互式,有这种功能的设备有:键盘,鼠标,游戏手柄和数字显示设备。

最后是 USB Memory ,或者说是数据存储。 External HDDthumb drive/flash drive 等都是这一类的。

其中使用的最广的不是 USB HID 就是 USB Memory 了。

每一个 USB 设备(尤其是 HID 或者 Memory )都有一个供应商 ID(Vendor ID) 和产品识别码(Product Id)Vendor ID 是用来标记哪个厂商生产了这个 USB 设备。 Product ID 用来标记不同的产品,他并不是一个特殊的数字,当然最好不同。如下图:

Product-ID

上图是我在虚拟机环境下连接在我电脑上的 USB 设备列表,通过 lsusb 查看命令。

例如说,我在 VMware 下有一个无线鼠标。它是属于 HID 设备。这个设备正常的运行,并且通过lsusb 这个命令查看所有 USB 设备,现在大家能找出哪一条是这个鼠标吗??没有错,就是第四个,就是下面这条:

Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0003 VMware, Inc. Virtual Mouse

其中,ID 0e0f:0003 就是 Vendor-Product ID 对, Vendor ID 的值是 0e0f ,并且 Product ID 的值是 0003Bus 002 Device 002 代表 usb 设备正常连接,这点需要记下来。

我们用 root 权限运行 Wireshark 捕获 USB 数据流。但是通常来说我们不建议这么做。我们需要给用户足够的权限来获取 Linux 中的 usb 数据流。我们可以用 udev 来达到我们的目的。我们需要创建一个用户组 usbmon ,然后把我们的账户添加到这个组中。

addgroup usbmon
gpasswd -a $USER usbmon
echo 'SUBSYSTEM=="usbmon", GROUP="usbmon", MODE="640"' > /etc/udev/rules.d/99-usbmon.rules

接下来,我们需要 usbmon 内核模块。如果该模块没有被加载,我们可以通过以下命令加载该模块:

modprobe usbmon

打开 wireshark ,你会看到 usbmonX 其中 X 代表数字。下图是我们本次的结果(我使用的是root):

usbmon0

如果接口处于活跃状态或者有数据流经过的时候, wireshark 的界面就会把它以波形图的方式显示出来。那么,我们该选那个呢?没有错,就是我刚刚让大家记下来的,这个X的数字就是对应这 USB Bus 。在本文中是 usbmon0 。打开他就可以观察数据包了。

analysis-usbmon0

通过这些,我们可以了解到 usb 设备与主机之间的通信过程和工作原理,我们可以来对流量包进行分析了。

如何去分析一个USB流量包?

根据前面的知识铺垫,我们大致对 USB 流量包的抓取有了一个轮廓了,下面我们介绍一下如何分析一个 USB 流量包。

USB 协议的细节方面参考 wiresharkwikihttps://wiki.wireshark.org/USB

我们先拿 GitHub 上一个简单的例子开始讲起:

example-usbpcap

我们分析可以知道, USB 协议的数据部分在 Leftover Capture Data 域之中,在 MacLinux 下可以用 tshark 命令可以将 leftover capture data 单独提取出来,命令如下:

tshark -r example.pcap -T fields -e usb.capdata //如果想导入usbdata.txt文件中,后面加上参数:>usbdata.txt

Windows 下装了 wireshark 的环境下,在 wireshark目录下有个 tshark.exe ,比如我的在 D:\Program Files\Wireshark\tshark.exe

Windows-tshark

调用 cmd ,定位到当前目录下,输入如下命令即可:

tshark.exe -r example.pcap -T fields -e usb.capdata //如果想导入usbdata.txt文件中,后面加上参数:>usbdata.txt

有关 tshark 命令的详细使用参考 wireshark 官方文档:https://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages/tshark.html

运行命令并查看 usbdata.txt 发现数据包长度为八个字节

usbdata

关于 USB 的特点应用我找了一张图,很清楚的反应了这个问题:

usb-feature

这里我们只关注 USB 流量中的键盘流量和鼠标流量。

键盘数据包的数据长度为 8 个字节,击键信息集中在第 3 个字节,每次 key stroke 都会产生一个 keyboard event usb packet

鼠标数据包的数据长度为 4 个字节,第一个字节代表按键,当取 0x00 时,代表没有按键、为0x01时,代表按左键,为 0x02 时,代表当前按键为右键。第二个字节可以看成是一个 signed byte 类型,其最高位为符号位,当这个值为正时,代表鼠标水平右移多少像素,为负时,代表水平左移多少像素。第三个字节与第二字节类似,代表垂直上下移动的偏移。

我翻阅了大量的 USB 协议的文档,在这里我们可以找到这个值与具体键位的对应关系:https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/hut1_12v2.pdf

usb keyboard 的映射表 根据这个映射表将第三个字节取出来,对应对照表得到解码:

keyboard_pro

我们写出如下脚本:

mappings = { 0x04:"A",  0x05:"B",  0x06:"C", 0x07:"D", 0x08:"E", 0x09:"F", 0x0A:"G",  0x0B:"H", 0x0C:"I",  0x0D:"J", 0x0E:"K", 0x0F:"L", 0x10:"M", 0x11:"N",0x12:"O",  0x13:"P", 0x14:"Q", 0x15:"R", 0x16:"S", 0x17:"T", 0x18:"U",0x19:"V", 0x1A:"W", 0x1B:"X", 0x1C:"Y", 0x1D:"Z", 0x1E:"1", 0x1F:"2", 0x20:"3", 0x21:"4", 0x22:"5",  0x23:"6", 0x24:"7", 0x25:"8", 0x26:"9", 0x27:"0", 0x28:"n", 0x2a:"[DEL]",  0X2B:"    ", 0x2C:" ",  0x2D:"-", 0x2E:"=", 0x2F:"[",  0x30:"]",  0x31:"\\", 0x32:"~", 0x33:";",  0x34:"'", 0x36:",",  0x37:"." }
nums = []
keys = open('usbdata.txt')
for line in keys:
    if line[0]!='0' or line[1]!='0' or line[3]!='0' or line[4]!='0' or line[9]!='0' or line[10]!='0' or line[12]!='0' or line[13]!='0' or line[15]!='0' or line[16]!='0' or line[18]!='0' or line[19]!='0' or line[21]!='0' or line[22]!='0':
         continue
    nums.append(int(line[6:8],16))
    # 00:00:xx:....
keys.close()
output = ""
for n in nums:
    if n == 0 :
        continue
    if n in mappings:
        output += mappings[n]
    else:
        output += '[unknown]'
print('output :n' + output)

结果如下:

usb-solved

我们把前面的整合成脚本,得:

#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys
import os

DataFileName = "usb.dat"

presses = []

normalKeys = {"04":"a", "05":"b", "06":"c", "07":"d", "08":"e", "09":"f", "0a":"g", "0b":"h", "0c":"i", "0d":"j", "0e":"k", "0f":"l", "10":"m", "11":"n", "12":"o", "13":"p", "14":"q", "15":"r", "16":"s", "17":"t", "18":"u", "19":"v", "1a":"w", "1b":"x", "1c":"y", "1d":"z","1e":"1", "1f":"2", "20":"3", "21":"4", "22":"5", "23":"6","24":"7","25":"8","26":"9","27":"0","28":"<RET>","29":"<ESC>","2a":"<DEL>", "2b":"\t","2c":"<SPACE>","2d":"-","2e":"=","2f":"[","30":"]","31":"\\","32":"<NON>","33":";","34":"'","35":"<GA>","36":",","37":".","38":"/","39":"<CAP>","3a":"<F1>","3b":"<F2>", "3c":"<F3>","3d":"<F4>","3e":"<F5>","3f":"<F6>","40":"<F7>","41":"<F8>","42":"<F9>","43":"<F10>","44":"<F11>","45":"<F12>"}

shiftKeys = {"04":"A", "05":"B", "06":"C", "07":"D", "08":"E", "09":"F", "0a":"G", "0b":"H", "0c":"I", "0d":"J", "0e":"K", "0f":"L", "10":"M", "11":"N", "12":"O", "13":"P", "14":"Q", "15":"R", "16":"S", "17":"T", "18":"U", "19":"V", "1a":"W", "1b":"X", "1c":"Y", "1d":"Z","1e":"!", "1f":"@", "20":"#", "21":"$", "22":"%", "23":"^","24":"&","25":"*","26":"(","27":")","28":"<RET>","29":"<ESC>","2a":"<DEL>", "2b":"\t","2c":"<SPACE>","2d":"_","2e":"+","2f":"{","30":"}","31":"|","32":"<NON>","33":"\"","34":":","35":"<GA>","36":"<","37":">","38":"?","39":"<CAP>","3a":"<F1>","3b":"<F2>", "3c":"<F3>","3d":"<F4>","3e":"<F5>","3f":"<F6>","40":"<F7>","41":"<F8>","42":"<F9>","43":"<F10>","44":"<F11>","45":"<F12>"}

def main():
    # check argv
    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
        print "Usage : "
        print "        python UsbKeyboardHacker.py data.pcap"
        print "Tips : "
        print "        To use this python script , you must install the tshark first."
        print "        You can use `sudo apt-get install tshark` to install it"
        print "        Thank you for using."
        exit(1)

    # get argv
    pcapFilePath = sys.argv[1]

    # get data of pcap
    os.system("tshark -r %s -T fields -e usb.capdata > %s" % (pcapFilePath, DataFileName))

    # read data
    with open(DataFileName, "r") as f:
        for line in f:
            presses.append(line[0:-1])
    # handle
    result = ""
    for press in presses:
        Bytes = press.split(":")
        if Bytes[0] == "00":
            if Bytes[2] != "00":
                result += normalKeys[Bytes[2]]
        elif Bytes[0] == "20": # shift key is pressed.
            if Bytes[2] != "00":
                result += shiftKeys[Bytes[2]]
        else:
            print "[-] Unknow Key : %s" % (Bytes[0])
    print "[+] Found : %s" % (result)

    # clean the temp data
    os.system("rm ./%s" % (DataFileName))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

效果如下:

example-solved

另外贴上一份鼠标流量数据包转换脚本:

nums = [] 
keys = open('usbdata.txt','r') 
posx = 0 
posy = 0 
for line in keys: 
if len(line) != 12 : 
     continue 
x = int(line[3:5],16) 
y = int(line[6:8],16) 
if x > 127 : 
    x -= 256 
if y > 127 : 
    y -= 256 
posx += x 
posy += y 
btn_flag = int(line[0:2],16)  # 1 for left , 2 for right , 0 for nothing 
if btn_flag == 1 : 
    print posx , posy 
keys.close()

键盘流量数据包转换脚本如下:

nums=[0x66,0x30,0x39,0x65,0x35,0x34,0x63,0x31,0x62,0x61,0x64,0x32,0x78,0x33,0x38,0x6d,0x76,0x79,0x67,0x37,0x77,0x7a,0x6c,0x73,0x75,0x68,0x6b,0x69,0x6a,0x6e,0x6f,0x70]
s=''
for x in nums:
    s+=chr(x)
print s
mappings = { 0x41:"A",  0x42:"B",  0x43:"C", 0x44:"D", 0x45:"E", 0x46:"F", 0x47:"G",  0x48:"H", 0x49:"I",  0x4a:"J", 0x4b:"K", 0x4c:"L", 0x4d:"M", 0x4e:"N",0x4f:"O",  0x50:"P", 0x51:"Q", 0x52:"R", 0x53:"S", 0x54:"T", 0x55:"U",0x56:"V", 0x57:"W", 0x58:"X", 0x59:"Y", 0x5a:"Z", 0x60:"0", 0x61:"1", 0x62:"2", 0x63:"3", 0x64:"4",  0x65:"5", 0x66:"6", 0x67:"7", 0x68:"8", 0x69:"9", 0x6a:"*", 0x6b:"+",  0X6c:"separator", 0x6d:"-",  0x6e:".", 0x6f:"/" }
output = ""
for n in nums:
    if n == 0 :
        continue
    if n in mappings:
        output += mappings[n]
    else:
        output += '[unknown]'
print 'output :\n' + output

那么对于 xman 三期夏令营排位赛的这道题,我们可以模仿尝试如上这个例子:

首先我们通过 tsharkusb.capdata 全部导出:

tshark -r task_AutoKey.pcapng -T fields -e usb.capdata //如果想导入usbdata.txt文件中,后面加上参数:>usbdata.txt

结果如下:

tshark-task_AutoKey

我们用上面的 python 脚本将第三个字节取出来,对应对照表得到解码:

mappings = { 0x04:"A",  0x05:"B",  0x06:"C", 0x07:"D", 0x08:"E", 0x09:"F", 0x0A:"G",  0x0B:"H", 0x0C:"I",  0x0D:"J", 0x0E:"K", 0x0F:"L", 0x10:"M", 0x11:"N",0x12:"O",  0x13:"P", 0x14:"Q", 0x15:"R", 0x16:"S", 0x17:"T", 0x18:"U",0x19:"V", 0x1A:"W", 0x1B:"X", 0x1C:"Y", 0x1D:"Z", 0x1E:"1", 0x1F:"2", 0x20:"3", 0x21:"4", 0x22:"5",  0x23:"6", 0x24:"7", 0x25:"8", 0x26:"9", 0x27:"0", 0x28:"n", 0x2a:"[DEL]",  0X2B:"    ", 0x2C:" ",  0x2D:"-", 0x2E:"=", 0x2F:"[",  0x30:"]",  0x31:"\\", 0x32:"~", 0x33:";",  0x34:"'", 0x36:",",  0x37:"." }
nums = []
keys = open('usbdata.txt')
for line in keys:
    if line[0]!='0' or line[1]!='0' or line[3]!='0' or line[4]!='0' or line[9]!='0' or line[10]!='0' or line[12]!='0' or line[13]!='0' or line[15]!='0' or line[16]!='0' or line[18]!='0' or line[19]!='0' or line[21]!='0' or line[22]!='0':
         continue
    nums.append(int(line[6:8],16))
    # 00:00:xx:....
keys.close()
output = ""
for n in nums:
    if n == 0 :
        continue
    if n in mappings:
        output += mappings[n]
    else:
        output += '[unknown]'
print('output :n' + output)

运行结果如下:

task_AutoKey-solved

output :n[unknown]A[unknown]UTOKEY''.DECIPHER'[unknown]MPLRVFFCZEYOUJFJKYBXGZVDGQAURKXZOLKOLVTUFBLRNJESQITWAHXNSIJXPNMPLSHCJBTYHZEALOGVIAAISSPLFHLFSWFEHJNCRWHTINSMAMBVEXO[DEL]PZE[DEL]IZ'

我们可以看出这是自动密匙解码,现在的问题是在我们不知道密钥的情况下应该如何解码呢?

我找到了如下这篇关于如何爆破密匙:http://www.practicalcryptography.com/cryptanalysis/stochastic-searching/cryptanalysis-autokey-cipher/

爆破脚本如下:

from ngram_score import ngram_score
from pycipher import Autokey
import re
from itertools import permutations

qgram = ngram_score('quadgrams.txt')
trigram = ngram_score('trigrams.txt')

ctext = 'MPLRVFFCZEYOUJFJKYBXGZVDGQAURKXZOLKOLVTUFBLRNJESQITWAHXNSIJXPNMPLSHCJBTYHZEALOGVIAAISSPLFHLFSWFEHJNCRWHTINSMAMBVEXPZIZ'

ctext = re.sub(r'[^A-Z]','',ctext.upper())
# keep a list of the N best things we have seen, discard anything else

class nbest(object):
    def __init__(self,N=1000):
        self.store = []
        self.N = N

    def add(self,item):
        self.store.append(item)
        self.store.sort(reverse=True)
        self.store = self.store[:self.N]

    def __getitem__(self,k):
        return self.store[k]

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.store)

#init
N=100
for KLEN in range(3,20):
    rec = nbest(N)
    for i in permutations('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ',3):
        key = ''.join(i) + 'A'*(KLEN-len(i))
        pt = Autokey(key).decipher(ctext)
        score = 0
        for j in range(0,len(ctext),KLEN):
            score += trigram.score(pt[j:j+3])
        rec.add((score,''.join(i),pt[:30]))

    next_rec = nbest(N)
    for i in range(0,KLEN-3):
        for k in xrange(N):
            for c in 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ':
                key = rec[k][1] + c
                fullkey = key + 'A'*(KLEN-len(key))
                pt = Autokey(fullkey).decipher(ctext)
                score = 0
                for j in range(0,len(ctext),KLEN):
                    score += qgram.score(pt[j:j+len(key)])
                next_rec.add((score,key,pt[:30]))
        rec = next_rec
        next_rec = nbest(N)
    bestkey = rec[0][1]
    pt = Autokey(bestkey).decipher(ctext)
    bestscore = qgram.score(pt)
    for i in range(N):
        pt = Autokey(rec[i][1]).decipher(ctext)
        score = qgram.score(pt)
        if score > bestscore:
            bestkey = rec[i][1]
            bestscore = score       
    print bestscore,'autokey, klen',KLEN,':"'+bestkey+'",',Autokey(bestkey).decipher(ctext)

跑出来的结果如下:

usbpwn

我们看到了 flag 的字样,整理可得如下:

-674.914569565 autokey, klen 8 :"FLAGHERE", HELLOBOYSANDGIRLSYOUARESOSMARTTHATYOUCANFINDTHEFLAGTHATIHIDEINTHEKEYBOARDPACKAGEFLAGISJHAWLZKEWXHNCDHSLWBAQJTUQZDXZQPF

我们把字段进行分割看:

HELLO
BOYS
AND
GIRLS
YOU
ARE
SO
SMART
THAT
YOU
CAN
FIND
THE
FLAG
THAT
IH
IDE
IN
THE
KEY
BOARD
PACKAGE
FLAG
IS
JHAWLZKEWXHNCDHSLWBAQJTUQZDXZQPF

最后的 flag 就是 flag{JHAWLZKEWXHNCDHSLWBAQJTUQZDXZQPF}

参考文献