QEMU 内存管理¶
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本节讲述 QEMU 如何管理某个特定 VM 的内存。
Guest VM 视角(GPA)¶
MemoryRegion:Guest 视角的一块“内存”¶
在 Qemu 当中使用 MemoryRegion
结构体类型来表示一块具体的 Guest 物理内存区域,该结构体定义于 include/exec/memory.h
当中:
/** MemoryRegion:
*
* 表示一块内存区域的一个结构体.
*/
struct MemoryRegion {
Object parent_obj;
/* private: */
/* The following fields should fit in a cache line */
bool romd_mode;
bool ram;
bool subpage;
bool readonly; /* For RAM regions */
bool nonvolatile;
bool rom_device;
bool flush_coalesced_mmio;
bool global_locking;
uint8_t dirty_log_mask;
bool is_iommu;
RAMBlock *ram_block;
Object *owner;
const MemoryRegionOps *ops;
void *opaque;
MemoryRegion *container; // 指向父 MemoryRegion
Int128 size; // 内存区域大小
hwaddr addr; // 在父 MR 中的偏移量
void (*destructor)(MemoryRegion *mr);
uint64_t align;
bool terminates;
bool ram_device;
bool enabled;
bool warning_printed; /* For reservations */
uint8_t vga_logging_count;
MemoryRegion *alias; // 仅在 alias MR 中,指向实际的 MR
hwaddr alias_offset;
int32_t priority;
QTAILQ_HEAD(, MemoryRegion) subregions;
QTAILQ_ENTRY(MemoryRegion) subregions_link;
QTAILQ_HEAD(, CoalescedMemoryRange) coalesced;
const char *name;
unsigned ioeventfd_nb;
MemoryRegionIoeventfd *ioeventfds;
};
在 Qemu 当中有三种类型的 MemoryRegion:
- MemoryRegion 根:通过
memory_region_init()
进行初始化,其用以表示与管理由多个 sub-MemoryRegion 组成的一个内存区域,并不实际指向一块内存区域,例如system_memory
。 - MemoryRegion 实体:通过
memory_region_init_ram()
初始化,表示具体的一块大小为 size 的内存空间,指向一块具体的内存。 - MemoryRegion 别名:通过
memory_region_init_alias()
初始化,作为另一个 MemoryRegion 实体的别名而存在,不指向一块实际内存。
MR 容器与 MR 实体间构成树形结构,其中容器为根节点而实体为子节点:
struct MemoryRegion
+------------------------+
|name |
| (const char *) |
+------------------------+
|addr |
| (hwaddr) |
|size |
| (Int128) |
+------------------------+
|subregions |
| QTAILQ_HEAD() |
+------------------------+
|
|
----+-------------------+---------------------+----
| |
| |
| |
struct MemoryRegion struct MemoryRegion
+------------------------+ +------------------------+
|name | |name |
| (const char *) | | (const char *) |
+------------------------+ +------------------------+
|addr | |addr |
| (hwaddr) | | (hwaddr) |
|size | |size |
| (Int128) | | (Int128) |
+------------------------+ +------------------------+
|subregions | |subregions |
| QTAILQ_HEAD() | | QTAILQ_HEAD() |
+------------------------+ +------------------------+
相应地,基于 OOP 的思想,MemoryRegion 的成员函数被封装在函数表 MemoryRegionOps
当中:
/*
* Memory region callbacks
*/
struct MemoryRegionOps {
/* 从内存区域上读. @addr 与 @mr 有关; @size 单位为字节. */
uint64_t (*read)(void *opaque,
hwaddr addr,
unsigned size);
/* 往内存区域上写. @addr 与 @mr 有关; @size 单位为字节. */
void (*write)(void *opaque,
hwaddr addr,
uint64_t data,
unsigned size);
MemTxResult (*read_with_attrs)(void *opaque,
hwaddr addr,
uint64_t *data,
unsigned size,
MemTxAttrs attrs);
MemTxResult (*write_with_attrs)(void *opaque,
hwaddr addr,
uint64_t data,
unsigned size,
MemTxAttrs attrs);
enum device_endian endianness;
/* Guest可见约束: */
struct {
/* 若非 0,则指定了超出机器检查范围的访问大小界限
*/
unsigned min_access_size;
unsigned max_access_size;
/* If true, unaligned accesses are supported. Otherwise unaligned
* accesses throw machine checks.
*/
bool unaligned;
/*
* 若存在且 #false, 则该事务不会被设备所接受
* (并导致机器的相关行为,例如机器检查异常).
*/
bool (*accepts)(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
unsigned size, bool is_write,
MemTxAttrs attrs);
} valid;
/* 内部应用约束: */
struct {
/* 若非 0,则决定了最小的实现的 size .
* 更小的 size 将被向上回绕,且将返回部分结果.
*/
unsigned min_access_size;
/* 若非 0,则决定了最大的实现的 size .
* 更大的 size 将被作为一系列的更小的 size 的访问而完成.
*/
unsigned max_access_size;
/* 若为 true, 支持非对齐的访问.
* 否则所有的访问都将被转换为(可能多种)对齐的访问.
*/
bool unaligned;
} impl;
};
当我们的 Guest 要读写虚拟机上的内存时,在 Qemu 内部实际上会调用 address_space_rw()
,对于一般的 RAM 内存而言则直接对 MR 对应的内存进行操作,对于 MMIO 而言则最终调用到对应的 MR->ops->read()
或 MR->ops->write()
。
同样的,为了统一接口,在 Qemu 当中 PMIO 的实现同样是通过 MemoryRegion 来完成的,我们可以把一组端口理解为 QEMU 视角的一块 Guest 内存。
几乎所有的 CTF QEMU Pwn 题都是自定义一个设备并定义相应的 MMIO/PMIO 操作。
FlatView:MR 树对应的 Guest 视角物理地址空间¶
FlatView
用来表示一棵 MemoryRegion 树所表示的 Guest 地址空间,其使用一个 FlatRange
结构体指针数组来存储不同 MemoryRegion
对应的地址信息,每个 FlatRange
表示单个 MemoryRegion
的 Guest 视角的一块物理地址空间以及是否只读等特性信息, FlatRange
之间所表示的地址范围不会重叠。
/* Range of memory in the global map. Addresses are absolute. */
struct FlatRange {
MemoryRegion *mr;
hwaddr offset_in_region;
AddrRange addr;
uint8_t dirty_log_mask;
bool romd_mode;
bool readonly;
bool nonvolatile;
};
//...
/* Flattened global view of current active memory hierarchy. Kept in sorted
* order.
*/
struct FlatView {
struct rcu_head rcu;
unsigned ref;
FlatRange *ranges;
unsigned nr;
unsigned nr_allocated;
struct AddressSpaceDispatch *dispatch;
MemoryRegion *root;
};
AddressSpace:不同类型的 Guest 地址空间¶
AddressSpace
结构体用以表示 Guest 视角不同类型的地址空间,在 x86 下其实就只有两种:address_space_memory
与 address_space_io
。
单个 AddressSpace
结构体与一棵 MemoryRegion 树的根节点相关联,并使用一个 FlatView
结构体建立该树的平坦化内存空间。
/**
* struct AddressSpace: describes a mapping of addresses to #MemoryRegion objects
*/
struct AddressSpace {
/* private: */
struct rcu_head rcu;
char *name;
MemoryRegion *root;
/* Accessed via RCU. */
struct FlatView *current_map;
int ioeventfd_nb;
struct MemoryRegionIoeventfd *ioeventfds;
QTAILQ_HEAD(, MemoryListener) listeners;
QTAILQ_ENTRY(AddressSpace) address_spaces_link;
};
最终我们可以得到如下总览图:
host VMM 视角(HVA)¶
RAMBlock:MR 对应的 Host 虚拟内存¶
RAMBlock
结构体用来表示单个实体 MemoryRegion 所占用的 Host 虚拟内存信息,多个 RAMBlock
结构体之间构成单向链表。
比较重要的成员如下:
mr
:该 RAMBlock 对应的 MemoryRegion(即 HVA → GPA)host
:GVA 对应的 HVA,通常由 QEMU 通过mmap()
获得(如果未使用 KVM)
struct RAMBlock {
struct rcu_head rcu;
struct MemoryRegion *mr;
uint8_t *host;
uint8_t *colo_cache; /* For colo, VM's ram cache */
ram_addr_t offset;
ram_addr_t used_length;
ram_addr_t max_length;
void (*resized)(const char*, uint64_t length, void *host);
uint32_t flags;
/* Protected by iothread lock. */
char idstr[256];
/* RCU-enabled, writes protected by the ramlist lock */
QLIST_ENTRY(RAMBlock) next;
QLIST_HEAD(, RAMBlockNotifier) ramblock_notifiers;
int fd;
size_t page_size;
/* dirty bitmap used during migration */
unsigned long *bmap;
/* bitmap of already received pages in postcopy */
unsigned long *receivedmap;
/*
* bitmap to track already cleared dirty bitmap. When the bit is
* set, it means the corresponding memory chunk needs a log-clear.
* Set this up to non-NULL to enable the capability to postpone
* and split clearing of dirty bitmap on the remote node (e.g.,
* KVM). The bitmap will be set only when doing global sync.
*
* It is only used during src side of ram migration, and it is
* protected by the global ram_state.bitmap_mutex.
*
* NOTE: this bitmap is different comparing to the other bitmaps
* in that one bit can represent multiple guest pages (which is
* decided by the `clear_bmap_shift' variable below). On
* destination side, this should always be NULL, and the variable
* `clear_bmap_shift' is meaningless.
*/
unsigned long *clear_bmap;
uint8_t clear_bmap_shift;
/*
* RAM block length that corresponds to the used_length on the migration
* source (after RAM block sizes were synchronized). Especially, after
* starting to run the guest, used_length and postcopy_length can differ.
* Used to register/unregister uffd handlers and as the size of the received
* bitmap. Receiving any page beyond this length will bail out, as it
* could not have been valid on the source.
*/
ram_addr_t postcopy_length;
};
对应关系如下图所示: