Function Selector and Argument Encoding¶

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参考自己博客 Function Selector and Argument Encoding

在 Ethereum 生态系统中，ABI (Application Binary Interface，应用二进制接口) 是从区块链外部与合约进行交互以及合约与合约间进行交互的一种标准方式。数据会根据其类型按照这份手册中说明的方法进行编码。

Function Selector¶

原理¶

某个函数签名的 Keccak (SHA-3) 哈希的前 4 字节，指定了要调用的函数，形如 bytes4(keccak256('balanceOf(address)')) == 0x70a08231 这种形式，0x70a08231 便是 balanceOf(address) 的 Function Selector

基础原型即是函数名称加上由括号括起来的参数类型列表，参数类型间由一个逗号分隔开，且没有空格
对于 uint 类型，要转成 uint256 进行计算，比如 ownerOf(uint256) 其 Function Selector = bytes4(keccak256('ownerOf(uint256)')) == 0x6352211e
函数参数包含结构体，相当于把结构体拆分成单个参数，只不过这些参数用 () 扩起来，详细可看下面的例子

例子¶

pragma solidity >=0.4.16 <0.9.0;
pragma experimental ABIEncoderV2;

contract Demo {
    struct Test {
        string name;
        string policies;
        uint num;
    }

    uint public x;
    function test1(bytes3) public {x = 1;}
    function test2(bytes3[2] memory) public  { x = 1; }
    function test3(uint32 x, bool y) public  { x = 1; }
    function test4(uint, uint32[] memory, bytes10, bytes memory) public { x = 1; }
    function test5(uint, Test memory test) public { x = 1; }
    function test6(uint, Test[] memory tests) public { x = 1; }
    function test7(uint[][] memory,string[] memory) public { x = 1; }
}

/* 函数选择器
{
    "0d2032f1": "test1(bytes3)",
    "2b231dad": "test2(bytes3[2])",
    "92e92919": "test3(uint32,bool)",
    "4d189ce2": "test4(uint256,uint32[],bytes10,bytes)",
    "4ca373dc": "test5(uint256,(string,string,uint256))",
    "ccc5bdd2": "test6(uint256,(string,string,uint256)[])",
    "cc80bc65": "test7(uint256[][],string[])",
    "0c55699c": "x()"
}
*/

Function Selector and Argument Encoding¶

原理¶

动态类型的数据，比如动态数组，结构体，变长字节，其编码后存储其 offset、length、data
- 先把参数顺序存储：如果是定长数据类型，直接存储其 data，如果是变长数据类型，先存储其 offset
- 顺序遍历变长数据：先存储 offset，对于第一个变长数据，先存储其 offset = 0x20 * number ( number 是函数参数的个数 )；对于下一个变长数据，其 offset = offset_of_prev + 0x20 + 0x20 * number (第一个 0x20 是存储前一个变长数据的长度占用的大小，number 是前一个变长数据的元素个数)
- 顺序遍历变长数据：存储完 offset ，接着就是遍历每个变长数据，分别存储其 length 和 data
- ( ps: 对于结构体这样的类型，存储的时候可把结构体内元素看成是一个新函数的参数，这样的话，对于结构体中的第一个变长数据，其 offset = 0x20 * num ，num 是结构体元素的个数 )

例子¶

针对上述的合约例子的 7 个函数，其函数调用最终编码如下

test1("0x112233")

0x0d2032f1                                                             // function selector
0 - 0x1122330000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // data of first parameter

test2(["0x112233","0x445566"])

0x2b231dad                                                             // function selector
0 - 0x1122330000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // first data of first parameter
1 - 0x4455660000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // second data of first parameter

test3(0x123,1)

0x92e92919                                                             // function selector
0 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123 // data of first parameter
1 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // data of second parameter

test4(0x123,["0x11221122","0x33443344"],"0x31323334353637383930","0x3132333435")

0x4d189ce2                                                             // function selector
0 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123 // data of first parameter
1 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080 // offset of second parameter
2 - 0x3132333435363738393000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // data of third parameter
3 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e0 // offset of forth parameter
4 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // length of second parameter
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011221122 // first data of second parameter
6 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000033443344 // second data of second parameter
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of forth parameter
8 - 0x3132333435000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // data of forth parameter

/* 一些解释说明
data of first parameter: uint 定长类型，直接存储其 data
offset of second parameter: uint32[] 动态数组，先存储其 offset=0x20*4 ( 4 代表函数参数的个数 ) 
data of third parameter: bytes10 定长类型，直接存储其 data
offset of forth parameter: bytes 变长类型，先存储其 offset=0x80+0x20*3=0xe0 (0x80 是前一个变长类型的 offset，3 是前一个变长类型存储其长度和两个元素占用的插槽个数)
length of second parameter: 存储完 data 或者 offset 后，便开始存储变长数据的 length 和 data，这里是第二个参数的长度
first data of second parameter: 第二个参数的第一个数据
second data of second parameter: 第二个参数的第二个数据
length of forth parameter: 上面就把第二个变长数据存储完成，这里就是存储下一个变长数据的长度
data of forth parameter: 第四个参数的数据
*/

test5(0x123,["cxy","pika",123])

0x4ca373dc                                                             // function selector
0 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123 // data of first parameter
1 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of second parameter
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // first data offset of second parameter
3 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // second data offset of second parameter
4 - 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b // third data of second parameter
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // first data length of second parameter
6 - 0x6378790000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // first data of second parameter
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // second data length of second parameter
8 - 0x70696b6100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // second data of second parameter

/* 一些解释说明
data of first parameter: uint 定长类型，直接存储其 data
offset of second parameter: 结构体，先存储其 offset=0x20*2 ( 2 代表函数参数的个数) 
first data offset of second parameter: 结构体内元素可当成函数参数拆分，有三个元素，因第一个元素是 string 类型，所以先存储其 offset=0x20*3=0x60
second data offset of second parameter: 结构体第二个元素是 string 类型，先存储其 offset=0x60+0x20+0x20=0xa0 (第一个 0x20 是存储第一个 string 的长度所占大小，第二个 0x20 是存储第一个 string 的数据所占大小)
third data of second parameter: 结构体第三个元素是 uint 定长类型，直接存储其 data
first data length of second parameter: 存储结构体第一个元素的 length
first data of second parameter: 存储结构体第一个元素的 data
second data length of second parameter: 存储结构体第二个元素的 length
second data of second parameter: 存储结构体第二个元素的 data
*/

test6(0x123,[["cxy1","pika1",123], ["cxy2","pika2",456]])

由于是结构体数组，所以需要拆分，由内向外。内部是两个结构体，分别来看其 encoding

对于 ["cxy1","pika1",123] 结构体，其 encoding 如下（ 直接当成函数参数 encoding ）
0 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset of "cxy1"
1 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of "pika1"
2 - 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b // encoding of 123
3 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // length of "cxy1"
4 - 0x6378793100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "cxy1"
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of "pika1"
6 - 0x70696b6131000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "pika1"

对于 ["cxy2","pika2",456] 结构体，其 encoding 如下（直接当成函数参数 encoding ）
0 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset of "cxy2"
1 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of "pika2"
2 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001c8 // encoding of 456
3 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // length of "cxy2"
4 - 0x6378793200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "cxy2"
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of "pika2"
6 - 0x70696b6132000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "pika2"

由于是结构体，所以还需要 ["cxy1","pika1",123] 的 offset 和 ["cxy2","pika2",456] 的 offset，如下
0 - a                                                                  // offset of ["cxy1","pika1",123]
1 - b                                                                  // offset of ["cxy2","pika2",456]
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset of "cxy1"
3 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of "pika1"
4 - 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b // encoding of 123
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // length of "cxy1"
6 - 0x6378793100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "cxy1"
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of "pika1"
8 - 0x70696b6131000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "pika1"
9 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset of "cxy2"
10- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of "pika2"
11- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001c8 // encoding of 456
12- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // length of "cxy2"
13- 0x6378793200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "cxy2"
14- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of "pika2"
15- 0x70696b6132000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "pika2"
a指向 offset of "cxy1"，所以 a=0x20*2=0x40
b指向 offset of "cxy2"，所以 b=0x20*9=0x120

由于是结构体数组，结构体外面是数组，所以要按照动态数组encoding的方法，如下
0 - c                                                                  // offset of [["cxy1","pika1",123],["cxy2","pika2",456]]
1 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count of second parameter
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of ["cxy1","pika1","1"]
3 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000120 // offset of ["cxy2","pika2","1"]
4 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset of "cxy1"
5 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of "pika1"
6 - 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b // encoding of 123
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // length of "cxy1"
8 - 0x6378793100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "cxy1"
9 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of "pika1"
10- 0x70696b6131000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "pika1"
11- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset of "cxy2"
12- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of "pika2"
13- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001c8 // encoding of 456
14- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // length of "cxy2"
15- 0x6378793200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "cxy2"
16- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of "pika2"
17- 0x70696b6132000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "pika2"
c 是函数参数的第二个参数，是动态类型，所以 offset c = 0x20*2 = 0x40

所以总的 encoding 如下
0xccc5bdd2                                                             // function selector
0 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000123 // encoding of 0x123
1 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of second parameter
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count of second parameter
3 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of ["cxy1","pika1","1"]
4 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000120 // offset of ["cxy2","pika2","1"]
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset of "cxy1"
6 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of "pika1"
7 - 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b // encoding of 123
8 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // length of "cxy1"
9 - 0x6378793100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "cxy1"
10- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of "pika1"
11- 0x70696b6131000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "pika1"
12- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset of "cxy2"
13- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of "pika2"
14- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001c8 // encoding of 456
15- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004 // length of "cxy2"
16- 0x6378793200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "cxy2"
17- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // length of "pika2"
18- 0x70696b6132000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "pika2"

test7([[1,2],[3]],["one","two","three"])

同理进行由内向外的拆分，首先是 [[1,2],[3]] 动态数组中的 [1, 2] 和 [3] 两个动态数组
0 - a                                                                  // offset of [1,2]
1 - b                                                                  // offset of [3]
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count for [1,2]
3 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // encoding of 1
4 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // encoding of 2
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // count for [3]
6 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // encoding of 3
a 指向 [1,2] 的开始，所以 a=0x20*2=0x40
b 指向 [3] 的开始，所以 b=0x20*5=0xa0

然后是 [[1,2],[3]] 动态数组本身的 encoding
0 - c                                                                  // offset of [[1,2],[3]]
1 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count for [[1,2],[3]]
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of [1,2]
3 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of [3]
4 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count for [1,2]
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // encoding of 1
6 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // encoding of 2
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // count for [3]
8 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // encoding of 3
c 指向 [[1,2],[3]] 的开始，所以 a=0x20*2=0x40

其次是 ["one","two","three"] 动态数组中每个 string 的 encoding
0 - d                                                                  // offset for "one"
1 - e                                                                  // offset for "two"
2 - f                                                                  // offset for "three"
3 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for "one"
4 - 0x6f6e650000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "one"
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for "two"
6 - 0x74776f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "two"
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // count for "three"
8 - 0x7468726565000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "three"
d 指向 “one” 的开始，所以 d=0x20*3=0x60
e 指向 “two” 的开始，所以 e=0x20*5=0xa0
f 指向 “three” 的开始，所以 f=0x20*7=0xe0

然后是 ["one","two","three"] 动态数组本身的 encoding
0 - g                                                                  // offset of ["one","two","three"]
1 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for ["one","two","three"]
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset for "one"
3 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset for "two"
4 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e0 // offset for "three"
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for "one"
6 - 0x6f6e650000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "one"
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for "two"
8 - 0x74776f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "two"
9 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // count for "three"
10- 0x7468726565000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "three"
这里 g 先不进行计算，因为涉及到函数参数整体的一个 encoding

上面就已经把最后就是 [[1,2],[3]] 和 ["one","two","three"] 分析完毕，最后就是其作为一个整体进行 encoding
0 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of [[1,2],[3]]
1 - g                                                                  // offset of ["one","two","three"]
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count for [[1,2],[3]]
3 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of [1,2]
4 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of [3]
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count for [1,2]
6 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // encoding of 1
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // encoding of 2
8 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // count for [3]
9 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // encoding of 3
10- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for ["one","two","three"]
11- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset for "one"
12- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset for "two"
13- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e0 // offset for "three"
14- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for "one"
15- 0x6f6e650000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "one"
16- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for "two"
17- 0x74776f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "two"
18- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // count for "three"
19- 0x7468726565000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "three"
g 指向字符串数组的开始，所以 g=0x20*10=140

所以总的 selector + encoding 如下所示
0xcc80bc65                                                             // function selector
0 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of [[1,2],[3]]
1 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000140 // offset of ["one","two","three"]
2 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count for [[1,2],[3]]
3 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040 // offset of [1,2]
4 - 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset of [3]
5 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // count for [1,2]
6 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // encoding of 1
7 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 // encoding of 2
8 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 // count for [3]
9 - 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // encoding of 3
10- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for ["one","two","three"]
11- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000060 // offset for "one"
12- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0 // offset for "two"
13- 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e0 // offset for "three"
14- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for "one"
15- 0x6f6e650000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "one"
16- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003 // count for "two"
17- 0x74776f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "two"
18- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005 // count for "three"
19- 0x7468726565000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 // encoding of "three"

例题¶

balsn 2020¶

题目名称 Election

Note

注：题目附件相关内容可至 ctf-challenges/blockchain 仓库寻找。