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MIPS

MIPS 基础内容

这里以 MIPS32 为基础作为介绍内容。

0x01 寄存器

(1)通用寄存器

MIPS 有 32 个通用寄存器 (General purpose registers),以美元符号 ($) 表示。可以表示为 $0~$31,也可以用寄存器名称表示如,$sp$t9$fp 等等。

Register Number Conventional Name Usage Usage
$0 $zero Hard-wired to 0
$1 $at Reserved for pseudo-instructions
$2 - $3 $v0, $v1 Return values from functions 保存表达式或者函数返回值
$4 - $7 $a0 - $a3 Arguments to functions - not preserved by subprograms 函数的参数
$8 - $15 $t0 - $t7 Temporary data, not preserved by subprograms
$16 - $23 $s0 - $s7 Saved registers, preserved by subprograms
$24 - $25 $t8 - $t9 More temporary registers, not preserved by subprograms 临时寄存器,作为 $t0 - t7 的补充,t9 通常与调用函数有关
$26 - $27 $k0 - $k1 Reserved for kernel. Do not use.
$28 $gp Global Area Pointer (base of global data segment)

MIPS 作为一种 load-store 架构,意味着当我们要访问内存必须要通过加载和存储指令才能访问。所有其他指令(add,sub,mul,div等等)必须从寄存器获取其操作数并将其结果存储在寄存器中。例如下面的例子:

    sum = x + y

我们假设 sum 和 x , y 是程序中的变量,其 MIPS 汇编表示为:

    # sum = x + y
    lw      $t0, x          # Load x from memory into a CPU register
    lw      $t1, y          # Load y from memory into a CPU register
    add     $t0, $t0, $t1   # Add x and y
    sw      $t0, sum        # Store the result from the CPU register to memory

(2)特殊寄存器

MIPS32 架构还定义了3个特殊寄存器,分别是 PC(程序计数器)、HI (乘除结果高位寄存器)和 LO (乘除结果低位寄存器)。在进行乘运算的时候,HI 和 LO 保存乘法的结果,其中 HI 保存高32位,LO 保存低32位。而在除法运算中,HI 保存余数,LO 保存商。

0x2 指令 Instruction

ADD – Add (with overflow)

Description: Adds two registers and stores the result in a register
Operation: $d = $s + $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: add $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0000

ADDI -- Add immediate (with overflow)

Description: Adds a register and a sign-extended immediate value and stores the result in a register
Operation: $t = $s + imm; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: addi $t, $s, imm
Encoding: 0010 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

ADDIU -- Add immediate unsigned (no overflow)

Description: Adds a register and a sign-extended immediate value and stores the result in a register
Operation: $t = $s + imm; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: addiu $t, $s, imm
Encoding: 0010 01ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

ADDU -- Add unsigned (no overflow)

Description: Adds two registers and stores the result in a register
Operation: $d = $s + $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: addu $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0001

AND -- Bitwise and

Description: Bitwise ands two registers and stores the result in a register
Operation: $d = $s & $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: and $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0100

ANDI -- Bitwise and immediate

Description: Bitwise ands a register and an immediate value and stores the result in a register
Operation: $t = $s & imm; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: andi $t, $s, imm
Encoding: 0011 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

BEQ -- Branch on equal

Description: Branches if the two registers are equal
Operation: if $s == $t advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);
Syntax: beq $s, $t, offset
Encoding: 0001 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

BGEZ -- Branch on greater than or equal to zero

Description: Branches if the register is greater than or equal to zero
Operation: if $s >= 0 advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);
Syntax: bgez $s, offset
Encoding: 0000 01ss sss0 0001 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BGEZAL -- Branch on greater than or equal to zero and link

Description: Branches if the register is greater than or equal to zero and saves the return address in $31
Operation: if $s >= 0 $31 = PC + 8 (or nPC + 4); advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);
Syntax: bgezal $s, offset
Encoding: 0000 01ss sss1 0001 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BGTZ -- Branch on greater than zero

Description: Branches if the register is greater than zero
Operation: if $s > 0 advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);
Syntax: bgtz $s, offset
Encoding: 0001 11ss sss0 0000 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BLEZ -- Branch on less than or equal to zero

Description: Branches if the register is less than or equal to zero
Operation: if $s <= 0 advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);
Syntax: blez $s, offset
Encoding: 0001 10ss sss0 0000 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BLTZ -- Branch on less than zero

Description: Branches if the register is less than zero
Operation: if $s < 0 advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);
Syntax: bltz $s, offset
Encoding: 0000 01ss sss0 0000 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BLTZAL -- Branch on less than zero and link

Description: Branches if the register is less than zero and saves the return address in $31
Operation: if $s < 0 $31 = PC + 8 (or nPC + 4); advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);
Syntax: bltzal $s, offset
Encoding: 0000 01ss sss1 0000 iiii iiii iiii iiii

BNE -- Branch on not equal

Description: Branches if the two registers are not equal
Operation: if $s != $t advance_pc (offset << 2)); else advance_pc (4);
Syntax: bne $s, $t, offset
Encoding: 0001 01ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

DIV -- Divide

Description: Divides $s by $t and stores the quotient in $LO and the remainder in $HI
Operation: $LO = $s / $t; $HI = $s % $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: div $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt 0000 0000 0001 1010

DIVU -- Divide unsigned

Description: Divides $s by $t and stores the quotient in $LO and the remainder in $HI
Operation: $LO = $s / $t; $HI = $s % $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: divu $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt 0000 0000 0001 1011

J -- Jump

Description: Jumps to the calculated address
Operation: PC = nPC; nPC = (PC & 0xf0000000) | (target << 2);
Syntax: j target
Encoding: 0000 10ii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii

JAL -- Jump and link

Description: Jumps to the calculated address and stores the return address in $31
Operation: $31 = PC + 8 (or nPC + 4); PC = nPC; nPC = (PC & 0xf0000000) | (target << 2);
Syntax: jal target
Encoding: 0000 11ii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii

JR -- Jump register

Description: Jump to the address contained in register $s
Operation: PC = nPC; nPC = $s;
Syntax: jr $s
Encoding: 0000 00ss sss0 0000 0000 0000 0000 1000

LB -- Load byte

Description: A byte is loaded into a register from the specified address.
Operation: t = MEM[s + offset]; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: lb t, offset(s)
Encoding: 1000 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

LUI -- Load upper immediate

Description: The immediate value is shifted left 16 bits and stored in the register. The lower 16 bits are zeroes.
Operation: $t = (imm << 16); advance_pc (4);
Syntax: lui $t, imm
Encoding: 0011 11-- ---t tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

LW -- Load word

Description: A word is loaded into a register from the specified address.
Operation: t = MEM[s + offset]; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: lw t, offset(s)
Encoding: 1000 11ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

MFHI -- Move from HI

Description: The contents of register HI are moved to the specified register.
Operation: $d = $HI; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: mfhi $d
Encoding: 0000 0000 0000 0000 dddd d000 0001 0000

MFLO -- Move from LO

Description: The contents of register LO are moved to the specified register.
Operation: $d = $LO; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: mflo $d
Encoding: 0000 0000 0000 0000 dddd d000 0001 0010

MULT -- Multiply

Description: Multiplies $s by $t and stores the result in $LO.
Operation: $LO = $s * $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: mult $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt 0000 0000 0001 1000

MULTU -- Multiply unsigned

Description: Multiplies $s by $t and stores the result in $LO.
Operation: $LO = $s * $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: multu $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt 0000 0000 0001 1001

NOOP -- no operation

Description: Performs no operation.
Operation: advance_pc (4);
Syntax: noop
Encoding: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

Note: The encoding for a NOOP represents the instruction SLL $0, $0, 0 which has no side effects. In fact, nearly every instruction that has $0 as its destination register will have no side effect and can thus be considered a NOOP instruction.

OR -- Bitwise or

Description: Bitwise logical ors two registers and stores the result in a register
Operation: $d = $s | $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: or $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0101

ORI -- Bitwise or immediate

Description: Bitwise ors a register and an immediate value and stores the result in a register
Operation: $t = $s | imm; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: ori $t, $s, imm
Encoding: 0011 01ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SB -- Store byte

Description: The least significant byte of $t is stored at the specified address.
Operation: MEM[$s + offset] = (0xff & $t); advance_pc (4);
Syntax: sb t, offset(s)
Encoding: 1010 00ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SLL -- Shift left logical

Description: Shifts a register value left by the shift amount listed in the instruction and places the result in a third register. Zeroes are shifted in.
Operation: $d = $t << h; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: sll $d, $t, h
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd dhhh hh00 0000

SLLV -- Shift left logical variable

Description: Shifts a register value left by the value in a second register and places the result in a third register. Zeroes are shifted in.
Operation: $d = $t << $s; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: sllv $d, $t, $s
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d--- --00 0100

SLT -- Set on less than (signed)

Description: If $s is less than $t, $d is set to one. It gets zero otherwise.
Operation: if $s < $t $d = 1; advance_pc (4); else $d = 0; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: slt $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 1010

SLTI -- Set on less than immediate (signed)

Description: If $s is less than immediate, $t is set to one. It gets zero otherwise.
Operation: if $s < imm $t = 1; advance_pc (4); else $t = 0; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: slti $t, $s, imm
Encoding: 0010 10ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SLTIU -- Set on less than immediate unsigned

Description: If $s is less than the unsigned immediate, $t is set to one. It gets zero otherwise.
Operation: if $s < imm $t = 1; advance_pc (4); else $t = 0; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: sltiu $t, $s, imm
Encoding: 0010 11ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SLTU -- Set on less than unsigned

Description: If $s is less than $t, $d is set to one. It gets zero otherwise.
Operation: if $s < $t $d = 1; advance_pc (4); else $d = 0; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: sltu $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 1011

SRA -- Shift right arithmetic

Description: Shifts a register value right by the shift amount (shamt) and places the value in the destination register. The sign bit is shifted in.
Operation: $d = $t >> h; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: sra $d, $t, h
Encoding: 0000 00-- ---t tttt dddd dhhh hh00 0011

SRL -- Shift right logical

Description: Shifts a register value right by the shift amount (shamt) and places the value in the destination register. Zeroes are shifted in.
Operation: $d = $t >> h; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: srl $d, $t, h
Encoding: 0000 00-- ---t tttt dddd dhhh hh00 0010

SRLV -- Shift right logical variable

Description: Shifts a register value right by the amount specified in $s and places the value in the destination register. Zeroes are shifted in.
Operation: $d = $t >> $s; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: srlv $d, $t, $s
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0000 0110

SUB -- Subtract

Description: Subtracts two registers and stores the result in a register
Operation: $d = $s - $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: sub $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0010

SUBU -- Subtract unsigned

Description: Subtracts two registers and stores the result in a register
Operation: $d = $s - $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: subu $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d000 0010 0011

SW -- Store word

Description: The contents of $t is stored at the specified address.
Operation: MEM[$s + offset] = $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: sw t, offset(s)
Encoding: 1010 11ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

SYSCALL -- System call

Description: Generates a software interrupt.
Operation: advance_pc (4);
Syntax: syscall
Encoding: 0000 00-- ---- ---- ---- ---- --00 1100

XOR -- Bitwise exclusive or

Description: Exclusive ors two registers and stores the result in a register
Operation: $d = $s ^ $t; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: xor $d, $s, $t
Encoding: 0000 00ss ssst tttt dddd d--- --10 0110

XORI -- Bitwise exclusive or immediate

Description: Bitwise exclusive ors a register and an immediate value and stores the result in a register
Operation: $t = $s ^ imm; advance_pc (4);
Syntax: xori $t, $s, imm
Encoding: 0011 10ss ssst tttt iiii iiii iiii iiii

参考链接

MIPS Instruction Reference